"Unfounded optimism" that caused the failure
"Unfounded optimism" was also a cause of failure.
For example, "type certificate". In order to qualify for commercial flight of an aircraft that requires safety, airworthiness must be proved for all of the one million parts. The aviation authorities of the country of origin are responsible for the examination and approval of the type certificate, but since Japan has not been involved in the development of commercial airliners since YS-11, "Staff with knowledge of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism has one hand. It did not meet the requirements "(Mitsubishi Heavy Industries).
At the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism, the number of inspectors was significantly increased to certify the type of SpaceJet, and people with experience in type approval were invited from Bombardier and Boeing in the United States to respond. Behind this, the SpaceJet used many overseas-made parts delivered to Bombardier and Embraer of the same size, so "you can get a type certificate by slightly modifying the parts purchased from overseas." There seems to have been recognition. But it was sweet. Mitsubishi Heavy Industries had to take data from the beginning and redevelop it according to the specifications of the SpaceJet.
The fighter is structured so that the Ministry of Defense is responsible ...
With no national staff or know-how to review the type certificate, the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism and Mitsubishi Heavy Industries sought the support of the US authorities to save time in the review. There is no choice but to rely on the time-consuming method of working while having the U.S. authorities check whether there is excess or deficiency in the examination of the Japanese aviation authorities, or having the U.S. authorities check each case such as the standard and quality of parts. There wasn't.
Unlike the YS-11, which was developed by the government with a 60% stake, the main developer of the SpaceJet is Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, a private company. After the YS-11 failed, Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, along with Kawasaki Heavy Industries and Subaru, has been involved in aircraft development as a subcontractor (supplier) for Boeing and others. However, the scope and scale of the development of "all machines" and "parts" are completely different.
Mitsubishi Heavy Industries has a track record of developing defense-related fighters. However, the Ministry of Defense is responsible for the development budget, specifications and examinations including safety and functionality of fighter aircraft. On the other hand, in the case of passenger aircraft, the private manufacturer bears all responsibility. The structure is also completely different.
The situation is confused by "public-private leaning"
Regulations in the United States called "Scope Clause"
The lack of judgment of the government also caused the failure. Despite Japan's national goal of changing its "automobile dependency," one private company has been forced to develop a private airliner that requires huge investment.
In the United States, Douglas was absorbed by Boeing, and Lockheed quickly withdrew from civilian aircraft. In Europe, the British BAC and the French Sud Aviation jointly worked on the development of the "Concorde", but due to noise, low profitability, and fatal accidents, it was manufactured less than 30 years after it started operation in 2003. The development of commercial aircraft is a very difficult project.
There are other weak prospects for risk. The prime example is the issue of regulation in the United States called "scope closure."
Too optimistic outlook that has created an insolvency of 500 billion yen
Scope Clause is a labor-management agreement between US airlines and pilots, which limits the size of aircraft that can be flown on local routes. If a low-cost carrier (LCC) that operates small aircraft such as the SpaceJet flies an unlimited number of passenger planes, the jobs of pilots of major airlines will be taken away, so the number of seats will be reduced to 76 or less.
Initially, SpaceJet was developing the "M90," which has 90 seats. Even if the type certificate can be obtained, it cannot be flown in the United States, which is the largest demand area. Both the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism and Mitsubishi Heavy Industries knew the existence of the scope clause, but predicted that it would be "eased." However, it was not alleviated at all and was forced to change the design.
Mitsubishi Aircraft has decided to develop it under the optimistic and sloppy outlook that Mitsubishi Heavy Industries and the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism, which supervises Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, have decided to develop it for the first time, such as type certification and lack of awareness of scope clause. It caused a blunder that left an excess of debt.
How to rebuild the development of domestic jets
Russia has succeeded in mass-producing regional jets with Sukhoi Superjet and China with COMAC ARJ21 while Japan is sluggish.
Mitsubishi Heavy Industries is considering the development of the "M-100" with 65 to 88 seats instead of the M-90. Mitsubishi Aircraft says it will continue to work on type approval, but it will be difficult for the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism to continue to have staff on the same scale as before, despite the slowdown in design work due to restructuring. With the trend of decarbonization, it is difficult for Mitsubishi Heavy Industries to receive orders for turbines for its main thermal power plants, and it is becoming more difficult to raise space jet development costs in the absence of earning heads.
It has been reorganized under the leadership of the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry, such as semiconductors and liquid crystals, but now Renesas Electronics is continuing its business in semiconductors and Japan Display is continuing its business in liquid crystals. Toshiba also relied on the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry to avoid the push from shareholders' investors, revealing the composition of "lean".
It is necessary for both the public and private sectors to drastically review how to rebuild the development of domestic jets.
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