Backup of information on carbon, graphite, ceramics, etc. Comment: Breathing carbon powder into your lungs can cause lung cancer, so be careful!

Danger! Caution! Inhaling carbon dust

into the lungs can cause lung cancer.

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Introduction to carbon

1. Difference between carbon and graphite - difference between carbon and graphite

Graphite is written as graphite in kanji, but the Japanese name is graphite.
The "lead" in the name is because before the elemental analysis of graphite, it was thought to contain lead. It was originally called (plumbago) in Latin, and (black lead) in English. I literally translated it as "graphite". The name graphite was given after the element was discovered to be "C" (carbon).
Now, let me briefly explain the difference between carbon and graphite.

• 1 What is Carbon?
• 2 What is carbonization
• 3 What is graphitization
• Four What is graphite?
• Five Difference between carbonaceous and graphite
• 6 Difference Between Carbon and Graphite

What is Carbon?

It is represented by the atomic number 6 and the element symbol "C". It exists as a compound in which the carbon atom "C" and other substances such as coal, petroleum, and asphalt are combined, or as a mass of pure "C" atoms such as graphite and diamond. .
Organic compounds (organic substances) are the general term for compounds that have the atom "C" as the skeleton of the structure. Think of carbon as a substance (element) that forms the basis of organic matter (organic compounds).
However, although it is an excellent organic substance, allotropes such as "graphite" and "diamond", which are aggregates of pure carbon atoms, monoxide/carbon dioxide, metal carbonates (calcium carbonate, etc.) and metal cyanates/metals Thiocyanate is considered an inorganic compound (inorganic) while having the atom "C" in its structural backbone. This is because in the past, organic compounds were defined as “chemical substances produced by living organisms.” Carbon compounds, which were discovered prior to this definition as chemical compounds not related to living organisms, were inorganic compounds (inorganic substances). ).

What is carbonization

Organic compounds (organic substances), which are carbon compounds, become ash or charcoal by heating them in an inert atmosphere (for example, a gas atmosphere such as nitrogen or argon) or in a sealed air environment at several hundred degrees to 1,000 degrees. Carbonization is the process of heating an organic compound (organic matter) to turn it into ash or charcoal.
In the natural world, ancient dinosaurs and plants are buried in the ground and are affected by geothermal heat and ground pressure in a state where the air is shut off. .
An easy-to-understand example of charcoal produced by artificial methods is charcoal used for barbecues.
Charcoal is steamed in a pot without exposing the wood to air. The process of turning wood into charcoal is called carbonization.
It is a state in which organic compounds (organic matter) that have turned into "charcoal" in the range of several hundred degrees to 1,000 degrees, small substances with the crystal structure of graphite or diamond, and other substances (impurities) are included. Substances that do not have a fixed crystal structure are called "amorphous carbon".
Most of the organic compounds (organics) are transformed into various types of amorphous carbon by the addition of heat. For example, various resources are made from primitive dinosaurs, trees and living things. Solid (solid phase) substances such as coal, coke, charcoal, and soot; liquid (liquid phase) substances such as naphtha (gasoline), kerosene, light oil, and heavy oil; gas phase).
*The three states of matter (solid, liquid, gas) are called "three states of matter" or "three phases".

What is graphitization

　

The charcoal is heated at a temperature as high as 2,700 to 3,000°C while the air is shut off. By heat-treating (adding heat), it is possible to burn and vaporize the impurities around the "C" atom. This high temperature heat treatment is called “graphitization”.
Pure charcoal made by graphitization (crystals of "C" atoms in a regular array) is called graphite. Graphite atoms are hexagonal plate crystals. The structure is a tortoiseshell-like layered substance.

What is graphite?

　

It refers to a lump of carbon with a regular arrangement that is produced by high-temperature heat treatment called graphitization. In the natural world, if you continue to apply high-temperature heat to carbonized carbon, it will become "natural graphite". On the other hand, graphite that is made by manipulating charcoal at high temperature is called "artificial graphite".
Whether natural or man-made, if you continue to apply heat and tremendous pressure to graphite, it will turn into diamond. The natural diamond you are wearing is a precious and mysterious thing that was heat-treated deep in the ground and appeared near the ground due to crustal movements.

Difference between carbonaceous and graphite

Carbonaceous refers to those with a low degree of crystal development that are formed only by the atom "C". The major difference between graphite and carbonaceous matter is the size of crystals of aggregates of pure "C" atoms.
Carbonaceous will tear the paper if you draw a streak on it. This is because it contains a lot of impurities, and it has a mixture of hard and soft parts. In addition, it is very hard and difficult to process, and when struck, it makes a metallic sound. For example, charcoal used for barbecue (Bincho charcoal).
Graphite, on the other hand, has a smoothness similar to that of a pencil and can be used to draw black lines on white paper. In other words, it is slippery, soft, and scratched by hard objects such as metal. Leads of straight pencils and mechanical pencils are graphite.
As you can see from the "Crystal structure of graphite", graphite is a sheet (graphene) in which atoms are bonded in the horizontal direction, and is made up of layers of graphene. Therefore, it is weak against horizontal force and can draw a black line when rubbed against paper. In addition, graphite has less impurities than carbon, so it has a higher purity.
In addition, there are intermediate stage materials that crystallize from carbonaceous to graphite. This material is often called carbon-graphite or semi-graphite. Semi-graphite has a completely different hardness depending on the degree of crystallization. For example, there are materials that generate sparks when cut (hard materials that are close to carbonaceous) and materials that are easy to process because they are close to graphite.

Difference Between Carbon and Graphite

Carbon is widely used in materials and products containing carbon atoms (=C). Generally speaking, carbon used in bicycles, cars, and fishing rods is “CFRP”. Cleaning tools and cosmetics for cleaning camera parts that are described as "carbon-containing" are mostly "carbon powder" or "carbon black". A common graphite product is the lead of a pencil.
Industrial carbon often refers to graphite, and it is used as a jig for making something, as a part of machine parts, and as a raw material for industrial products. increase. There are not many people who use graphite and carbon separately.
For this reason, I think the correct way to use carbon is to refer to "carbon materials in general" and graphite refers to "carbon materials that are graphitized".

Carbon in industrial applications is mainly referred to as graphite.

Introduction to Carbon List

• 1. Difference between carbon and graphite - difference between carbon and graphite
• 2. What is graphite? (Types of graphite) "Natural graphite and artificial graphite"
• 3.Manufacturing method of artificial graphite "Until the graphite block is made"
• 4.Introduction to graphite materials (differences in characteristics depending on the manufacturing method of artificial graphite materials)
• 5. Familiar carbon products, carbon products
• 6. There are graphite products in such places! ?
• 7. What will the carbon of the future look like? (New carbon/Fine carbon)
• 8.What are the properties of carbon?

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Introduction to carbon

https://www.0ho.co.jp/carbon/p7/
7. What will carbon be like in the future? (New carbon/Fine carbon)

Carbon has been commercialized in various ways even at the atomic level. Carbon is considered to be important in making future life better, and various studies are constantly being carried out.

• 1 Carbon nanotube (=Carbon Nano Tube)
• 2 Carbon Nano Horn
• 3 fullerene
• Four Carbon Nano Capsules
• Five fullerene polymer
• 6 lonsday light
• 7 amorphous carbon
• 8 nanocrystalline diamond film
• 9 nanotube coat
• Ten ultra thin tv
• 11 High performance rice husk activated carbon
• 12 Super poly fullerene hydroxide
• 13 carbon nanotube actuator
• 14 Fuel cells for mobile devices
• 15 Automotive fuel cell
• 16 Composite structure of carbon nanotubes and graphene
• 17 CFRP artificial joints/prostheses
• 18 carbon nano gauge

Carbon nanotube (=Carbon Nano Tube)

Carbon nanotubes are carbon atoms bonded together in a cylindrical shape. It has high current density resistance, high thermal conductivity, high mechanical strength, and an elongated molecular structure. It is said that by bundling unbroken nanotubes into a 1 cm length, it is possible to lift a weight of 1200 tons. Carbon nanotubes are called "CNT".

Carbon Nano Horn

A carbon nanotube with a closed horn tip.
When the carbon nanohorn complex was used to irradiate mouse tumors with laser light, a remarkable therapeutic effect was confirmed. In the future, if the research progresses, it will greatly contribute to the cancer treatment of the human body.

fullerene

A molecule called fullerene C60, which has a soccer ball-like structure and is composed of 60 carbon atoms, has attracted particular attention. This has been put to practical use as a high lubricating material (friction coefficient is almost 0). In addition, fullerene has been shown to cleave intracellular DNA, eliminate active oxygen, and have anti-HIV activity by the action of light, and clinical trials for medical use are being conducted.

Carbon Nano Capsules

In the research process of fullerene production, a technology has been developed to enclose metal ultrafine particles in fullerene spherical bonds. This is excellent in airtightness, protects against oxidation and water decomposition while drawing out the properties of the metal inside, and research is progressing on technology that utilizes the lubricity of graphite.

fullerene polymer

Research is being conducted on "fullerene polymers" that bind fullerenes together.
In fullerene polymers, one fullerene bond serves as one carbon atom, and there are various structures such as hexahedral bonds similar to graphite bonds, peanut-shaped doubles, and straight connections. An interesting function that appears for the first time in carbon as a fullerene polymer is to have "magnetism". The cause of magnetism has not been elucidated. Research on fullerene polymers, such as whether they have other properties, is still underway.

lonsday light

It is a crystal of the same carbon atoms as diamond, and is also called "Hexagonal diamond" because of its crystal structure.
The actual Mohs hardness of lonsdaleite is about 3 to 7 due to possible factors such as impurities contained in the material and bonding defects, but pure lonsdaleite can withstand 58% higher pressure than diamond. is expected. This is because it is a substance created by the collision of meteorites, and it is confirmed in minute amounts in meteorites, and even if it is large, it is small enough to be confirmed with a microscope. This is because there is no lonsdaleite, which is a large crystal of pure bonding, and it cannot be measured.
Future industrial applications are being explored for use in drill bit tips and spacecraft, and artificial production methods for lonsdaleite will also be explored in the future.

amorphous carbon

Carbon does not have a fixed shape such as spherical or planar, and does not have a fixed pattern of molecular bonds in a state where carbon and hydrogen (H) are combined. In other words, it does not have a fixed bonding structure like diamond (SP3 structure) or graphite (SP2 structure).
Amorphous carbon:
i. ii
. Good abrasion resistance
iii. Chemically stable
iv. Hard
v. A flat film can be obtained
vi. Low Young's modulus
vii. It generally
has the property of being an insulator. Amorphous carbon is used as a material for coating various things.
Applications include plasma etcher electrode plates, dummy wafers, and fuel cell separators in the electronics and semiconductor fields. In addition, crucibles and pipes are coated with a film for their chemical resistance, high purity, and thermal shock resistance. Because of its corrosion resistance and heat resistance, it is used in semiconductor manufacturing jigs.

nanocrystalline diamond film

Nanocrystalline diamond film (UNCD) is a film made of nano-sized pure diamond crystals.
Since it is a nano-sized film, it can be attached to various objects and its strength can be increased by coating it.
Applying a nanocrystalline diamond film reduces friction, increases wear resistance, and reduces heat generation, making it possible to save energy.

nanotube coat

A research group led by Prof. Katsuyoshi Kondo and Associate Prof. Junko Umeda of Osaka University has developed a technology to efficiently coat carbon nanotubes on metal surfaces.
Applying a nanotube coat to the metal makes it durable and makes it possible to suppress the friction of the metal. It is possible to coat a wide range of materials such as titanium, aluminum, and iron, and it is expected to be applied to machine parts such as automobile and airplane engines, transmissions, and bearings, as well as home appliances.

ultra thin tv

As for the application of carbon nanotubes, NEC and Ise Electronics have announced surprisingly thin nanotube display prototypes. Future televisions may be wall-mounted at 65 inches, 5mm thick, and may consume a third of the current power consumption.

High performance rice husk activated carbon

Rice husks were used for feed and bedding, and most of them were disposed of by open burning. Incineration of rice requires a large amount of oxygen. Therefore, the emission of greenhouse gases due to carbon dioxide has become a problem. The charred rice husk contains silicon dioxide, and there was a problem that it was difficult to industrially recycle it for a wide range of purposes.
A research group at Nagaoka University of Technology succeeded in removing silicon dioxide from rice husks by heat treatment using potassium hydroxide and sodium hydroxide.
Conventional activated carbon has a surface area of ​​1,000 square meters per gram, but it has been discovered that high-performance rice husk activated carbon has a surface area about 2.5 times larger and has high adsorption power. Therefore, various applications are being considered, such as using it as a fuel cell material that adsorbs a large amount of hydrogen.

Super poly fullerene hydroxide

In joint research with Vitamin C60 Bioresearch, a nanotechnology subsidiary of Mitsubishi Corporation, and the research group of Professor Takumi Oshima of the Department of Materials Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, a large number of hydroxyl groups (OH-) are modified on the carbon atoms of fullerenes. Water-soluble "super poly fullerene hydroxide" has been developed. This super polyhydroxide fullerene efficiently eliminates active oxygen harmful to the human body, so it has been put to practical use in cosmetics.

carbon nanotube actuator

An actuator is a device that performs movement such as stretching and bending by sending a signal.
Actuators are often used in home appliances and aircraft. For example, Christmas lights, car turn signals, etc. When electricity is passed through, the switch automatically turns on and off due to the thermal expansion of the copper electrode. It would be easy to understand if it is a device that generates a similar movement by a signal.
Using carbon nanotubes for these electrodes, research into ultra-compact actuators is underway, and research into joint movements and artificial muscles in his robot is underway.
The other day, through joint development by the artificial cell research group of the National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology Health Engineering Research Institute and Alps Giken Sendai Development Center, Super Growth Carbon developed by the Nanotube Application Research Center of the National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology Using a nanotube (SG-CNT), the displacement is reduced by only 10% even if it is driven 100,000 times.It is highly durable and has a displacement retention property that can keep the displacement state almost constant for 3 hours. A high-performance nanocarbon polymer actuator was developed. The results of this research will likely lead to further development for practical application.

Fuel cells for mobile devices

Small fuel cells for mobile devices that use carbon nanohorns as electrodes have been announced by NEC Corporation, the Japan Science and Technology Agency, and the Institute of Industrial Creation. Fuel cells generate electricity by reacting a fuel such as hydrogen with oxygen.
It has been confirmed that the developed fuel cell has an electrical output that is approximately 20% higher than before. Furthermore, the energy generated is about 10 times that of lithium batteries, and it is attracting attention as a highly efficient next-generation energy source. In the future, it is said that it will be possible to use notebook computers continuously for several days, and further research is underway.

Automotive fuel cell

A particular problem in the development of hydrogen fuel cells for automobiles is how to make hydrogen fuel tanks that are safe, lightweight and small.
Although it is still in the research stage, research is underway to coat the fuel tank with metallic titanium, fill the tank with carbon nanotubes, adsorb hydrogen to the nanotubes, and store it as fuel.

Composite structure of carbon nanotubes and graphene

Fujitsu Laboratories has self-organized a composite structure of several to several tens of layers of graphene on multi-layered carbon nanotubes that are formed along the direction perpendicular to the substrate for carbon nanotube production. was successful.
Research is being conducted to analyze the detailed characteristics of this composite structure of carbon nanotubes and graphene and the formation structure, and to utilize it in new fields.

CFRP artificial joints/prostheses

Research is being conducted using CFRP for artificial joints and artificial limbs. Metal is mainly used for the structural parts of conventional artificial joints. Metals have problems such as abrasion dust and osteolysis that occur when joints are repeatedly moved, bone atrophy, fatigue fracture, and reactions to metal allergies.
On the other hand, CFRP is attracting attention as an alternative material because it is lighter, stronger and has better fatigue strength than metal materials.
Compared to CFRP and metal joints, CFRP is radiolucent, allowing the use of CT and MRI. Also, since it is not metal, it does not react unnecessarily to security checks using metal detectors at airports. Furthermore, there is no problem of metal allergy.
There are still many issues to be solved in order to adopt CFRP, but in the future, artificial joints and artificial limbs made of CFRP may become mainstream.

carbon nano gauge

A research group led by Professor Kenichiro Itami of Nagoya University has succeeded in synthesizing a basket-shaped carbon nanocompound "carbon nanogage" consisting of 120 carbon atoms and 78 hydrogen atoms for the first time in the world. The features of the carbon nanogauge are as follows:
i. White solid, well soluble in most organic solvents
ii. Does not decompose even at 300 degrees or more
iii. Effectively absorb light
iv. It has the characteristic of having strong blue fluorescence
.
Applications are expected to include organic EL materials, organic transistor materials, optical recording materials, high-density optical storage, fluorescence imaging of biomolecules, optical sensors of guest molecules, and precise chemical synthesis of branched carbon nanotubes. .

Introduction to Carbon List

• 1. Difference between carbon and graphite - difference between carbon and graphite
• 2. What is graphite? (Types of graphite) "Natural graphite and artificial graphite"
• 3.Manufacturing method of artificial graphite "Until the graphite block is made"
• 4.Introduction to graphite materials (differences in characteristics depending on the manufacturing method of artificial graphite materials)
• 5. Familiar carbon products, carbon products
• 6. There are graphite products in such places! ?
• 7. What will the carbon of the future look like? (New carbon/Fine carbon)
• 8.What are the properties of carbon?

Consultation and quotation for carbon products

072-654-5562

Business hours Weekdays 8:30-17:30 (excluding weekends and holidays)

Contact form

Reiho Manufacturing Co., Ltd.

3-9-29 Torikainaka, Settsu City, Osaka
566-0064 TEL: +81-72-654-5562 (Representative) FAX: +81-72-654-8785

privacy policy

© 2000-2017 Reiho Manufacturing Co., Ltd. All Rights Reserved.

Introduction to ceramics

https://www.0ho.co.jp/ceramic/p1/
Terms related to carbon and fine ceramics

Our company, Reiho Manufacturing Co., Ltd., handles Riki-bon, which is an artificially produced material, so to speak, a kind of ceramics. In addition to carbon, we also handle ceramic products. There are many types of ceramics.
Therefore, in terms related to fine ceramics, we will introduce related terms such as ceramic materials, processing methods, and manufacturing methods.

From "JIS R 1600 fine ceramics related terms"

<amorphous ceramics> amorphous ceramics

Amorphous ceramics in which the atoms or ions that make up the ceramics are randomly arranged. In addition to materials that are difficult to crystallize, such as conventional glass, there are those obtained by ultra-quenching and those synthesized by the vapor phase method.

<alumina>alumina

Aluminum oxide (Al203). Although there are α-, γ- , η-, etc. as crystal phases , it generally refers to α-alumina. α-alumina exhibits the most stable corundum structure. Melting point 2050°C, excellent electrical insulation and heat resistance. Commercial aluminas range from 80% to nearly 100% alumina content. Widely used for IC substrates, heat-resistant materials, optical materials, etc. The mineral name of α-alumina is corundum.

<piezoelectric ceramics>piezoelectric ceramics

Ceramics with the property that crystals are distorted by the action of applied piezoelectricity. Used for mutual conversion between mechanical energy and electrical energy. Typical piezoelectric materials include perovskite structure BaTi03, PZT, crystal, etc., which are applied to ultrasonic vibrators and actuators.

<Stabilized zirconia> fully stabilized zirconia

Zirconia that maintains its cubic crystal structure even at low temperatures by dissolving CaO, MgO, Y203, etc. into zirconia. Usually called FSZ. Pure Zr02 undergoes a monoclinic, tetragonal, and cubic phase transition from low temperature to high temperature, but when these components are dissolved, the stable cubic region (composition, temperature) expands. , a stable cubic crystal is obtained that does not undergo transitions with respect to temperature changes. Stabilized zirconia is used as refractories, bricks and coatings. It becomes a solid electrolyte in which oxygen defects occur due to solid solution.

<apatite> apatite

A compound represented by the chemical formula Ca10(PO4)6(F,Cl,OH)2. The naturally occurring one is also called apatite. Mainly, hydroxyapatite Ca10(P04)5(OH)2 is synthesized and used as bioceramics.

<aluminosilicate glass> aluminosilicate glass

A glass in which a network structure is formed by silica and alumina. Its high softening point makes it suitable for applications that require heat resistance. E-glass with added CaO and B2O3 is the most mass produced. Although it is an aluminosilicate glass and has the disadvantage of low acid resistance, it has a high electrical insulation and is a representative composition of glass fibers.

<Alumina added zirconia> alumina added zirconia

Zirconia, such as partially stabilized zirconia, in which alumina is dispersed in a main phase containing zirconia as a main component to suppress zirconia grain growth and further improve strength and fracture toughness.

<intelligent ceramics> intelligent ceramics

Ceramics that respond intelligently to environmental conditions and express their functions.

<Ionic conductive ceramics> ionic conductive ceramics

Conductive ceramics in which the charge carriers are ions. Also called solid electrolyte ceramics. β-alumina with Na+ conduction and zirconia with O2-conduction are well known.

<whisker> whisker

Also known as whisker crystals, fibrous single crystals with very few defects. Whiskers such as SiC and Si3N4 are used as reinforcing materials for metals and ceramic composites.

<mica> mica

Strong against mineral (001) surface represented by XY2-3(Si,Al)4O10(OH,F)2 [X is K, Ca, Na, etc., Y is Mg, Al, Li, Fe, Mn, Ti, etc.] It has cleavage property.

<Lead-based relaxer> lead based relaxer

Oxide provskite, A(B1,B2)O3 ferroelectric material containing lead at the A site and exhibiting a diffuse phase transition.

<oxynitrite glass> oxynitride glass

Glass in which some of the oxygen atoms in oxide glass are replaced with nitrogen atoms. Compared to the original glass, the elastic modulus, hardness, softening temperature, etc. are higher, and the chemical durability is also improved. The nitrogen content is about 2-15% by weight.

<calcia> calcia

Calcium oxide (Ca0). Melting point is 2572°C. It is made by heating and decomposing limestone. Those fired at low temperatures are called light fired, and those fired at high temperatures are called hard fired. An essential material for the cement industry. It is widely used in the lime industry, carbide industry, etc. Dolomite (MgC03/CaC03) is used as a basic refractory.

<Carbon> carbon

Atomic symbol C. A solid element with atomic number 6 and atomic weight 12.011. There are two allotropes of diamond and natural graphite that are naturally produced as a single substance. Artificially generated as coke and carbon black by thermal decomposition of organic compounds. Carbon products include glass-like carbon, vapor-decomposed carbon, and carbon fiber, in addition to diamond and graphite.

<chalcogenide glass> chalcogenide glass

Non-oxide glasses comprising sulfides, selenides, tellurides or mixtures thereof. It has characteristics such as conductivity and infrared transparency. It is attracting attention as a memory material and an infrared optical fiber material.

<Functional ceramics> functional ceramics

Ceramics exhibit advanced functions by utilizing their mechanical, thermal, chemical, optical, electrical and biological properties.

<graphite> graphite

One of the allotropes of carbon. In Japan, it is called graphite or graphite. It has a layered structure belonging to the hexagonal crystal system and has a wide range of applications such as heat resistance, corrosion resistance, and conductive materials.

<functionally gradient material> functionally gradient material

A material that develops new functions through gradient distribution of the internal component composition and microstructure.

Molybdenum silicide

Intermetallic compound of Mo and Si. Molybdenum disilicide (MoSi2) has been put to practical use. MoSi2: Melting point 1870℃, electrical resistance 22μΩcm at room temperature. Used for heating elements that can be used in air up to 1700°C, IC circuit manufacturing masks, etc.

<Structural ceramics> Structural ceramics

Materials used as various structural parts, mainly utilizing the mechanical, thermal and chemical properties of ceramics. Heat-resistant, high-strength materials, ultra-hard materials, high-toughness materials, thermal shock-resistant materials, heat-insulating materials, etc.

<Optical ceramics> optical ceramics

Ceramics with excellent optical functions (translucency, refraction, reflectivity, electro-optical effect, magneto-optical effect, photoconductivity, polarizing property, luminescence, etc.).

<High strength ceramics> high strength ceramics

Ceramics with the strength to withstand high external forces. Particularly useful and attracting attention are those that exceed the use limit of heat-resistant alloys. Examples include silicon nitride, silicon carbide, and partially stabilized zirconia.

<Toughened ceramics> toughened ceramics

Ceramics that eliminates defects in the material, avoids stress concentration, facilitates stress relaxation, and increases resistance to fracture. Representative materials include partially stabilized zirconia, silicon nitride, and ceramic-based reinforced composite materials.

<cordierite> cordierite

It is an orthorhombic mineral with a composition of 2MgO, 2Al203, 5Si02, and most natural products contain small amounts of iron and water. In a broad sense, hexagonal α-type, orthorhombic β-type, and μ-type are collectively used. It has a very small coefficient of thermal expansion, so it has excellent thermal shock resistance. Mainly used as a catalyst carrier for automobile exhaust gas purification.

<Oxide ceramics> oxide ceramcs

Ceramics consisting of oxides containing oxides as non-metallic elements. Oxide ceramics include simple oxides, complex oxides, silicates, and oxyacids such as phosphates. There are many types and a wide range of uses

<Cermet> cermet

Composite material of ceramics and metal. A common example is a sintered hard alloy in which carbides of transition metals of Groups IVA, VA, and VIA of the periodic table are combined with metals mainly composed of nickel and cobalt.

<sapphire> sapphire

A kind of α-alumina. Naturally occurring sapphires are blue to indigo, but artificial sapphire single crystals are also colorless.

<zinc oxide> zinc oxide

It is represented by the chemical formula ZnO. Occurs naturally as red zinc ore. It has a specific gravity of 5.78 and has two polymorphs: the wurtzite type and the rock salt type. Sublimes at 1720°C under normal pressure. A sintered body to which Bi2O3 or the like is added shows a non-linear change in resistance, and is used for varistors, sensors, and the like. It has also been used as a pigment since ancient times.

<iron oxide> iron oxide

Iron oxides include ferrous oxide (FeO), triiron tetraoxide (Fe304), and ferric oxide (Fe203). FeO: Also called magnetic iron oxide because it has spontaneous magnetization. Inverse spinel type structure, specific gravity 5.16, melting point 1538°C, Fe2O3: α type and γ type. The former is a red powder with a corundum-type structure. It is used for jewelry polishing and pigments. The latter are called maghemites. It is used for porcelain tapes that are made into acicular fine particles, have anisotropy in single magnetic domains, and are rich in coercive force.

<Sialon> sialon

General term for Si-Al-ON compounds. There are β-sialon in which Al, 0 is substituted into Si,N as a solid solution, and α-sialon in which a specific metal atom is interstitially dissolved between the substitutional solid solution and the crystal lattice. In addition to the low coefficient of thermal expansion and high strength of silicon nitride, it has excellent corrosion resistance, but low toughness.

<pyroelectric ceramics> pyroelectric ceramics

Ceramics that have the property of generating positive and negative charges on their surface simply by changing the temperature without applying an external electric field (pyroelectricity) due to their spontaneous electric polarization. In ceramics, it is necessary to give spontaneous polarization by polarization operation. It is used for temperature sensors, infrared sensors, etc. A typical example is PZT.

<Magnetic ceramics> magnetic ceramics

Ceramics with spontaneous magnetization, the main component of which is iron oxide. Typical examples include soft magnetic spinel-type and garnet-type compounds and hard magnetic magnetoplumbite-type compounds.

<Zirconia-added alumina> zirconia toughened alumina

Alumina to which zirconia is added to improve strength and fracture toughness by utilizing properties such as volume change and shape change due to phase transition of zirconia.

<Zirconia> zirconia

Zirconium dioxide (ZrO2). There are three polymorphs: monoclinic, tetragonal and cubic. The respective transition temperatures are about 1100°C and 2370°C, and the melting point is 2680°C. The phase transition from the tetragonal system to the monoclinic system is accompanied by a volume expansion of about 5%, and cracks occur during cooling after firing. Used as zirconia (FSZ) or partially stabilized zirconia (PSZ).

<Silica> Silica

Silicon dioxide (Si02). As a crystalline material, polymorphs such as quartz, cristobalite, and tridymanite exist. Quartz glass is used in semiconductor manufacturing and as an optical fiber. Sometimes used to mean amorphous silicon dioxide.

<silica glass> silica glass

A glass composed only of a silica network structure and without network-modifying ions. It is synthesized by melting pure silica or high-temperature gas-phase decomposition of SiCl4. It has a small coefficient of expansion and can withstand rapid heating and cooling. High-purity silica glass used in the semiconductor field has a content of impurities such as Al, B, and P of 1 ppb or less.

<spinel> spinel

In a narrow sense, it refers to equiaxed minerals consisting of MgAl204. Specific gravity 3.55, hardness 8. The high-quality, deep-red crystals of natural Svinel can be used as gemstones. The same crystal structure as MgAl203 is called the spinel type, and many compounds exist. Well-known magnetic materials include ferrite (NiFe204, MnFe204, etc.), Mn-Co-Ni-based thermistor materials, and pigments.

<Infrared radiation ceramics> infrared radiation ceramics

Ceramics that emit a large amount of electromagnetic waves in the infrared wavelength band (approximately 0.75 to 1000 micrometers). In particular, ceramics that emit far-infrared rays (2 to 30 micrometers in wavelength) are used for industrial heating, and include cordierite, aluminum titanate, silicon carbide, etc. added with MnO2, Fe2O3, CuO, CoO, etc.

<Insulating ceramics> insulating ceramics

Ceramics with electrical conductivity below a certain value (approximately 10-8Ω-1cm-1). Widely used for insulators and IC substrates that fix electric power transmission lines.

<Soft ferrite> soft ferrite

The hysteresis curve is narrow and the coercive force is small. Ferrite that is magnetized sensitively even to a weak external magnetic field.

<soda lime glass> sode lime glass

Glass based on silica, soda and lime. Produced by melting method using soda ash, limestone and silica sand as main raw materials. Although it has the disadvantage of low alkali resistance, it is easy to process and inexpensive, so it is also used as a substrate glass if the surface is coated with silica to prevent the elution of alkali.

<carbide ceramics> carbide ceramics

Ceramics composed of compounds in which the main non-metallic element that constitutes the substance is carbon. Silicon carbide (SiC) is a representative material.

<Porous ceramics> porous ceramics

Ceramics with high porosity. Those containing closed pores are used as heat insulating materials and lightweight aggregates, while those containing open pores are used as adsorbents and single catalysts.

<lithium tantalate> lithium tantalate

A ferroelectric compound of the LiNbO3 type structure (trigonal system) with the composition LiTaO3. Single crystals are used for nonlinear optical materials for lasers, piezo elements, surface wave filters, and the like.

<diamond> diamond

A cubic crystal in which single atoms of carbon are arranged in a close-packed structure. It is the hardest material in the natural world, has a large bending rate, and has excellent properties such as high thermal conductivity. Used as jewelry, cutting tools, and heat dissipation substrates. Artificially, it is synthesized under ultra-high pressure. There is also a vapor phase synthesis method under normal pressure.

<Carbon fiber> carbon fibers

A fiber whose main component is carbon that has been heat-treated at a high temperature. Graphitized carbon is also called graphite fiber. It is roughly divided into PAN type pitch type. Used as reinforcement in metals, plastics and ceramics.

<Silicon carbide (SiC)> silicon carbide

A compound represented by the chemical formula SiC. It has a high covalent bond and is stable in air up to around 1,600℃, and its thermal decomposition temperature is around 2830℃. It has a specific gravity of 3.22 and a coefficient of thermal expansion of 5.5×10-6/°C. High thermal conductivity material with good wear resistance of 270W/m·K. Heating elements and varistors using semiconductors. Used for mechanical seals, refractories, etc. It is the third hardest compound on earth and is also being developed for high-strength structural components. It can also be used as a heat treatment jig for silicon wafers.

<titanium carbide> titanium carbide

A compound represented by TiC in the chemical formula. A hard substance with a cubic system and a specific gravity of 4.94 and a Mohs hardness of 8 to 9. Exhibits excellent wear resistance and is used as a cutting tool material. Generally, TiC-Ni-MO and WC-TiC-Co sintered bodies are mainly called cermets.

<tungsten carbide> tangsten carbide

A compound represented by the chemical formula WC. A cubic crystal with a specific gravity of 15.50 and a hard substance with a Mohs hardness of 9. It exhibits high strength and excellent wear resistance, and is used as a cutting tool material. A sintered body whose main component is a WC-Co system is called a cemented carbide.

<cubic boron nitride> cubic boron nitride

Also called cBN. It has a diamond structure and its basic properties are very similar to diamond. It is usually synthesized by ultra-high pressure method and used as cutting and cutting tools.

<boron nitride> boron nitride

A compound represented by the chemical formula BN. In addition to hBN, which can be machined, and cBN as a hard material, there are polymorphs such as γBN and wBN. Very similar to carbon. hBN exhibits free-cutting properties, and cBN, which is used for heat and corrosion resistance, is synthesized under high pressure and used as a tool material.

<nitride ceramics> nitride ceramics

Ceramics composed of compounds containing nitrogen as a non-metal constituent element, such as Si3N4, AIN, TiN, and BN, which are representative of non-oxide ceramics.

<aluminum nitride> aluminum nitride

It is represented by AIN in the chemical formula. It has a hexagonal system and wurtzite structure, and has a specific gravity of 3.26. It decomposes at around 2200°C. High thermal conductivity and excellent electrical insulation. Applied to IC and LSI substrates/packages and heat sinks. Sintering aids such as Y2O3 and CaO are used for densification.

<silicon nitride> silicon nitride

A compound represented by the chemical formula Si3N4. There are two phases, α-type and β-type. It is highly covalent and decomposes at 1900°C under 1 atmospheric pressure. Specific gravity 3.19, thermal expansion coefficient around 3×10-6/℃. A sintered body containing Y2O3-A2O3 has excellent strength and toughness. Used as a structural material for engine parts.

<titanium nitride> titanium nitride

A hard compound with the chemical formula TiN, a specific gravity of 5.4, and a cubic crystal with a melting point of 2950°C. Used dispersed in cermet tools or coated on superalloys. It is also used for decoration due to its golden color.

<Ultrafine particle> ultrafine particle

Particles smaller than about 0.1 micron in diameter. It has a large specific surface area, and compared to micron-order particles and bulk materials, it has unique properties such as lower sintering temperature, higher surface activity, single magnetic domain formation, fine pore shape, and ultraviolet absorption. It has characteristics in all points such as target, porcelain, optical properties, and reactivity.

<Superconducting ceramics>super conductive ceramics

Ceramics that have the property that their electrical resistance becomes zero at a certain temperature or lower, and at the same time they exhibit diamagnetism. There are oxides such as R-Ba-Cu-O system (R: rare earth element), Bi-Sr-Ca-Cu-O system, and Tl-Ba-Ca-Cu-0 system. These oxides have significantly higher critical temperatures than conventional metallic superconducting materials.

<lead titanate> lead titanate

A compound represented by the chemical formula PbTiO3. A colorless tetragonal crystal at room temperature with a perovskite structure. Used as a ferroelectric substance and piezoelectric material.

<barium titanate> barium titanate

The chemical formula is represented by BaTiO3. A compound with a perovskite structure. The dielectric constant suddenly increases and exceeds 10,000 near the Curie point of 120°C. It is used as capacitor material and piezoelectric material.

<Low temperature sintering ceramics> low temperature sintering ceramics

Ceramics, such as dielectric materials and insulator materials, that are sintered at low temperatures by reducing the sintering temperature without deteriorating their performance. One example is lead-based perovskite, which is sintered at low temperatures for barium titanate-based materials. In a broad sense, it also includes ceramics sintered at a temperature lower than usual with ultrafine particles.

<Low expansion ceramics> low thermal expansion ceramics

Ceramics with a small coefficient of thermal expansion. Cordierite, lithium-aluminosilicate, aluminum titanate, zirconium phosphate and the like belong to this category.

<electronic ceramics> electronic ceramics

Ceramics are used as various electronic device parts by utilizing the electrical and electronic functions (electrical insulation, dielectricity, piezoelectricity, pyroelectricity, semiconductivity, magnetism, etc.) characteristic of ceramics.

<translucent ceramics> tanslucent ceramics

Ceramics with excellent translucency. In addition to oxides such as alumina, (Pb, La)(Zr, Ti)03, Y203-Th02, and MgAl04, some nitride, carbide and sulfide ceramics have translucency.

<Nanocomposite> nanocomposite

A composite material with a highly controlled structure, in which dispersed phases of several nanometers to several tens of nanometers are dispersed not only at the grain boundaries of the matrix but also within the grains.

<lead glass> lead glass

A glass whose main components are lead oxide and silica. Used for optical glass with high refractive power and high dispersion, X-ray shielding glass, crystal glass, etc.

<new glass> new glass

Inorganic non-crystalline materials and non-crystalline materials manufactured by controlling the chemical composition, purity, microstructure and morphology so as to maximize the specific functions of non-crystalline substances. A material obtained by crystallization of a crystalline material.

<new carbon> new carbon

Carbon materials and carbon composite materials intended to develop new applications by providing advanced functions by controlling raw materials and manufacturing processes according to the purpose.

<new diamond> new diamond

Artificially manufactured diamonds with advanced functions added by controlling the raw materials and manufacturing process according to the purpose. There is a high-temperature high-pressure method in which carbon is transformed while maintaining high temperature and high pressure, and a vapor-phase synthesis method in which gas-phase deposition is performed from a mixed gas of methane and hydrogen. Sometimes cBN is included in this.

<lithium niobate> lithium niobate

A trigonal compound whose composition is represented by LiNbO3. It is a ferroelectric with a Curie point at 1210°C. It is used as a piezoelectric substance, a pyroelectric substance, etc.

<Semiconductive ceramics> semiconductive ceramics

Ceramics that exhibit semiconductor-like electrical properties. It is necessary to control lattice defects and additives during manufacturing. It is mainly made based on ZnO, BaTiO3, SnO2, NiO, etc.

<Bioceramics> bioceramics

Ceramics that have good biocompatibility and are embedded in the body and used as artificial bones, artificial joints, artificial tooth roots, etc. There are bioinert substances that are insoluble and stable in vivo and bioactive substances that cause decomposition, precipitation, reaction, and the like.

<barium ferrite>barium ferrite

Magnetoplumbite-type ferrite represented by the chemical formula BaFe12O19. It is a typical permanent magnet material.

<Hard ferrite> hard ferrite

Wide hysteresis curve and large coercive force. Ferrite that is not easily magnetized by an external magnetic field.

<pyrolytic graphite> pyrolytic graphite

Carbon deposited by pyrolysis when hydrocarbon gas is brought into contact with a high-temperature base material is densely arranged in a graphite structure. Used for nuclear fuel cladding materials, heat shield materials, heaters, metallurgical crucibles, etc.

<Pyrolytic boron nitride> pyrolytic boron nitride

A layered BN compact deposited from the gas phase by high-temperature, low-pressure CVD at around 2000°C, using boron halides such as BCl3 and NH3 as raw materials. Used as crucibles and boards for compound semiconductors such as GaAs.

<halide glass>halide glass

Glass containing halogen elements as anions. Fluoride glass, which is mainly composed of zirconium fluoride and barium fluoride, has relatively good chemical durability and allows infrared rays to pass through well, so it is being developed as an infrared optical fiber.

<PZT> PZT

Solid solution of lead zirconate (PbZrO3) and lead titanate (PbTiO3) with perovskite structure. It has excellent piezoelectricity, and the characteristics change depending on the Zr/Ti ratio. Applied to ultrasonic vibrators, actuators, etc.

<PLZT> PLZT

Abbreviation for (Pb.La)(Zr,Ti)O3 ceramics in which part of Pb in PZT is replaced with La. It has excellent translucency and exhibits an electro-optical effect. Applications include optical memories, displays, and optical shutters.

<Fine ceramics> fine ceramics

Ceramics manufactured by precisely controlling the chemical composition, microstructure, shape and manufacturing process in order to achieve the desired functions.

<Ferrite> ferrite

In a narrow sense, it refers to metal salts of ferrous acid (H2Fe2O4), but recently it is a general term for complex oxides containing iron. According to the crystal structure, it is classified into 1, spinel type ferrite (MFe2O4), 2, perovskite type ferrite (MFeO3), 3, garnet type ferrite (M3Fe5O12), and 4, magnetoplumbite ferrite (MFe12O19). It occupies an important position as a magnetic material.

<Partially stabilized zirconia> partially stabilized zirconia

It consists of cubic or monoclinic crystals and tetragonal crystals obtained by adding a small amount of stabilizer and sintering. It is characterized by high toughness and high strength, and is usually called PSZ. Among them, those having a particularly small crystal grain size and consisting of a tetragonal single phase are sometimes called tetragonal zirconia polycrystals.

<fine particle> fine particle

Particles that retain their properties as bulk bodies and whose phenomena are governed by their surfaces, with particle diameters ranging from 0.1 to several microns.

<composite material> composite material

A material that is given new characteristics that cannot be possessed by itself by combining different materials or materials with different shapes. Many of them are intended to be applied to structural materials, and are classified into fiber-reinforced composite materials and particle-dispersion-reinforced composite materials according to the form of the dispersed phase. Composite), etc.

<Non oxide ceramics> non oxide ceramics

Nitrides (Si3N4, AIN, BN, etc.), carbides (SiC, TiC, B4C, WC, etc.) borides (LaB6, TiB2, ZrB2, etc.), sulfides (CdS, MoS2, etc.), silicides (MoSi2) and carbon Ceramics composed of compounds (elements) that do not contain oxygen as a non-metallic element.

<Beryllia> beryllia

beryllium oxide (BeO). It has excellent thermal conductivity and electrical insulation, and is used for substrates and packages.

<Titanium boride> titanium boride

A substance with the chemical formula TiB2, a melting point of 3225°C, high hardness, and excellent electrical conductivity. In particular, it is used as a wear-resistant member by taking advantage of its high hardness.

<zirconium boride> zirconium boride

Formula ZrB2. A hard substance with a specific gravity of 6.09 and a melting point of 3245°C. Due to its excellent corrosion resistance to metals, it is also used as wear-resistant members and iron and aluminum molten metal members.

<lanthanum boride>

Chemical formula LaB6, a compound with excellent thermionic emission. A single crystal is processed and used as a high-precision electron emitter for electron microscopes and VLSI circuit fabrication.

<borosilicate glass> borosilicate glass

Glass in which a network structure is formed by silica and boron oxide (B2O3). Low-alkali borosilicate glass has a small expansion coefficient, is relatively hard, and has excellent corrosion resistance.

<Machinable Ceramics> machinable ceramics

Ceramics are easy to machine, especially cutting. There are those that utilize the remarkable cleavage of crystals contained in the material (mica ceramics) and those that utilize the selective destruction of grain boundaries (aluminum titanate ceramics).

<magnesia> magnesia

Magnesium Oxide (MgO). The crystal is periclase. It is obtained by thermal differentiation of carbonates, nitrates, hydroxides and the like. In Japan, it is manufactured from a small amount of Mg source in seawater. Those fired at low temperatures are called light burns (or calcined), those fired at high temperatures are called hard burns (or heavy burns, dead burns), and magnesia. Used for basic refractories, stamp materials for furnaces, crucibles, etc.

<Manganese zinc ferrite> manganese—zinc ferrite

Spinel type ferrite containing Mn and Zn, magnetic material with high permeability and high magnetic flux density. It is a representative material for low-loss magnetic cores. Used for single crystal ferrite magnetic heads.

<Mulite> mulite

Mullite (3Al203/2Si02). It has a melting point of 1850°C and high covalent bonding. Polycrystalline is used as a heat resistant material. High-purity mullite has excellent creep resistance at high temperatures.

<Dielectric ceramics> dielectric ceramics

Ceramics with a function that utilizes the polarization that occurs when a material with high electrical resistance is placed under an electric field, and the various charge carriers in the material move slightly from their original positions, causing the positive and negative electrodes to shift in opposite directions. .

<Phosphate glass> phosphate glass

A glass in which a network structure is formed mainly by phosphorus oxide and contains calcia, alkali, etc. as network-modifying ions. Crystallized glasses based on calcia phosphorus monoxide are being put to practical use as bioactive glasses. Phosphate glasses doped with Nd are promising laser glasses for nuclear fusion due to their resistance to laser damage.

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