[Shocking] Does it go against the laws of physics? The world was shocked by the ``nuclear fusion power generation'' that Japan is also developing! [Laser fusion] The materials for this laser fusion are lithium and deuterium obtained from seawater. & [Japan and the United States] Hydrogen and boron ``nuclear fusion'' experiment was successful! The materials are hydrogen and boron and do not emit radioactivity, and even after power generation, no radioactivity is emitted. However, it is necessary to reach 1 billion degrees, so this is a future challenge.
Cold fusion is safe because it does not emit radioactivity.
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m_pFOdNIq8AIndustrial heating equipment using nuclear transmutation to be mass produced before 2030
Prototype of "heat module" was created and demonstration started
Kenji Kaneko Nikkei BP Research Institute Clean Tech Lab
2023.07.05
https://xtech.nikkei.com/atcl/nxt/column/18/02443/070300007/
https://xtech.nikkei.com/atcl/nxt/column/18/02443/070300007/
The commercialization of a heating device that utilizes the release of heat associated with nuclear transmutation is imminent. Clean Planet (Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo), a new energy-related venture company, has created a prototype for mass production and is currently conducting demonstration tests. The plan is to build a pilot plant in Kawasaki City and prepare for mass production by 2030.
Clean Planet was established in 2012, and in 2015, we jointly established the University's "Condensed Matter Nuclear Reaction Research Division" in the Electron Photon Science Research Center in Sendai City with Tohoku University, and our product development base in Kawasaki City. We are working on the practical application of ``Quantum Hydrogen Energy (QHe).''
"Quantum hydrogen energy (QHe)" is a technology that can generate more heat than is input by absorbing a small amount of hydrogen into a nickel-based composite metal material with a nano-sized structure and heating it. term. The company is proceeding with commercialization as the "QHe IKAROS Engineering Project."
These phenomena are called "condensed-system nuclear reactions," "novel thermal reactions between metal hydrogen," and "low-energy nuclear reactions" among researchers, and research on these phenomena has recently become more active in various countries (Figure 1). .
Figure 1●Image of the principle of a condensed-matter nuclear reaction involving quantum hydrogen energy
(Source: NEDO)
[Click image to enlarge]
The principle of generating energy is basically the same as the experimental thermonuclear fusion reactor "ITER", which is being promoted in an international framework including Japan, the United States, and Europe. A heat exchanger extracts the enormous amount of energy released by the mass defect associated with the fusion of hydrogen atoms as heat.
However, the reaction systems for thermonuclear fusion and quantum hydrogen energy are different; thermonuclear fusion aims for a reaction in which two hydrogens fuse to form helium, whereas quantum hydrogen energy aims at a reaction in which three or more It is thought that the main reaction is a multi-body reaction in which several hydrogen atoms participate simultaneously, and the products of the reaction have been confirmed to contain multiple elements after undergoing nuclide transmutation.
The current energy density is two orders of magnitude lower than the theoretical value of nuclear fusion, and it is said to produce an enormous amount of energy, 10,000 times more than the chemical reaction of hydrogen combustion (Figure 2).
Figure 2 ● Comparison of energy density between quantum hydrogen energy (QHe) and methane/hydrogen combustion, nuclear fission, and thermonuclear fusion
Quantum hydrogen energy reaches 10,000 times more than a chemical reaction (Source: Clean Planet)
[Click image to enlarge]
The biggest advantage over thermonuclear fusion is ease of engineering. Thermonuclear fusion requires large-scale equipment, such as magnetically confining a plasma state of 100 million degrees Celsius or using high-power laser radiation, whereas quantum hydrogen energy involves injecting hydrogen into a sheet of metal. Under certain conditions, hydrogen atoms are heated to several hundred degrees Celsius to induce fusion of hydrogen atoms.
Because it only requires heating to several hundred degrees Celsius, which is common in the industrial field, it can be constructed from general materials such as stainless steel, and unlike thermonuclear fusion, neutrons and gamma rays are not emitted during the reaction, so it can be made compact and can be introduced in factories, buildings, and homes. There is a possibility that it can be done.
Continuous fever for 589 days
The method discovered by Clean Planet is to place a multilayered chip (heating element) of 14 nm (nanometer) nickel and 2 nm copper in a vacuum state, fill it with hydrogen, and heat it to several hundred degrees Celsius, which will exceed the input energy. Heat is released over a long period of time. In experiments using stacked chips several centimeters square, we observed a heat output that exceeded the input energy, and achieved qualitative reproducibility of 100%. For example, there was a case in which the temperature was maintained at 920-930°C for 589 days after being heated to 900°C, resulting in excessive fever (Figure 3). Tests to date have shown that the COP (coefficient of performance, which indicates how many times more thermal energy can be obtained than the input and consumed energy) is over 1.2.
Figure 3●There are cases where fever continued for more than 500 days after one hydrogen injection.
(Source: Clean Planet)
[Click image to enlarge]
If system efficiency can be increased by increasing the size of the heating element and reducing heat loss, and extending the operating period with one hydrogen injection and heating to several months or more, it is likely that the COP will greatly exceed 10.
Based on these results, in September 2021, Clean Planet and Miura Industries, a major boiler equipment manufacturer, entered into a joint development agreement for an industrial boiler that uses quantum hydrogen energy.
Since then, Clean Planet has been working on making multilayer chips thinner and larger in sheet form, with the aim of improving COP and mass production. Last fall, we developed a ``heat module'' that consists of large-area laminated sheets housed in a metal cylinder. The prototype has a diameter of 6cm, a length of 63cm, and a weight of 4kg, and is said to be designed to generate heat equivalent to 2kW. We are also considering increasing the amount of heat generated by increasing the sheet area and lengthening the module (Figure 4).
Figure 4●The fabricated heat module. A heating element, which is a reaction field, is placed inside this tube.
On the right is a typical smartphone (Photo: Nikkei BP)
[Click image to enlarge]
As the surface area becomes larger, it is thought that it will be possible to generate heat of over 1,000 degrees Celsius, but if the temperature exceeds 1,400 degrees Celsius, the nickel will melt and the laminated structure will break, stopping the heat generation, so thermal runaway will not occur in principle.
For commercialization, the plan is to house this "heat module" in a cylindrical heat exchanger and circulate water and air to extract heat. The heat module has a versatile design that can meet the heat demands of a variety of industries, including the chemical industry, food and beverage manufacturing, and agriculture. The idea is to change the amount of heat generated by increasing the number of heat modules installed in the heating device depending on the required heat generation capacity.
The company is currently working on verifying the heat module. Although the reproducibility of quantum hydrogen energy is 100%, there are still issues with quantitative reproducibility, such as maintaining the expected calorific value for a targeted period of time. The plan is to improve the performance of the heat module and solidify the design specifications in anticipation of operation in an actual heating process, and to prepare for mass production in a few years, with plans to get mass production on track before 2030. A new pilot plant has been established in Kawasaki City, and the company is considering overseas production in the future.
"COP10" is also in sight
The movement toward "carbon neutrality by 2050" is gaining momentum around the world, and thermonuclear fusion is once again in the spotlight as a next-generation energy source. The tokamak method, which magnetically isolates the plasma state, which is the most popular method, is being promoted under an international framework, and venture companies are actively proposing new technologies in Japan and overseas for methods such as laser fusion. However, in most cases, construction of DEMO reactors will begin in the 2030s at the earliest, and commercialization is expected to take place after the 2040s (Figure 5).
Figure 5●Development schedule for the next generation innovative reactor shown in the basic policy for realizing GX
(Source: Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry)
[Click image to enlarge]
On the other hand, there is a possibility that quantum hydrogen energy will first become widespread as an industrial distributed heat source that does not emit CO2 before 2030.
The reason why Clean Planet's technology is more attractive than thermonuclear fusion is that tokamak and laser fusion require a DT reaction involving deuterium (D) and tritium (T), whereas quantum hydrogen energy requires a general DT reaction. The two main points are that it uses hydrogen (light hydrogen) as fuel to generate heat, and that it does not emit radiation, including neutrons. This makes it possible to use hydrogen produced by electrolyzing water using surplus electricity from rooftop solar panels on factories, buildings, and commercial facilities. If this happens, it would be possible to decarbonize both the electricity and heat needed within the facility.
In the future, Clean Planet envisions using steam generated by quantum hydrogen energy to operate steam turbine generators. If this is realized, by converting hydrogen produced by solar power generation into heat and generating electricity with an efficiency of about COP10, even if the thermal efficiency of the steam turbine itself is low, the entire system using hydrogen as the starting point will be able to generate electricity. It also has the potential to convert hydrogen into electricity with significantly higher efficiency than battery systems.
When converting hydrogen derived from renewable energy into electricity using a fuel cell, the problem is that the total energy loss is large, but when combined with quantum hydrogen energy, renewable hydrogen has leverage. It has the potential to dramatically increase the efficiency of energy systems based on renewable energy.
Patent filed in 21 countries
Condensed-matter nuclear reactions involving quantum hydrogen energy were once called "cold fusion." In 1989, researchers at the University of Utah announced this phenomenon, which attracted worldwide attention. A report from the University of Utah stated that when a palladium electrode was soaked in heavy water and electricity was applied to it, excess heat was observed that could not be explained by a chemical reaction. At that time, research in this field slowed down, partly because the reproducibility of the phenomenon was poor. However, some researchers have continued to study steadily, and in addition to the electrode method, phenomena such as heat generation due to deuterium storage in palladium nanoparticles and nuclide transmutation due to the permeation of deuterium gas through a thin palladium membrane have been reported. Reproducibility has gradually improved.
Clean Planet's quantum hydrogen energy uses light hydrogen instead of deuterium to generate excess heat, and uses relatively inexpensive nickel and copper as a reaction site instead of rare metals such as palladium to generate heat at a practical level. What has been achieved can be called groundbreaking (Figure 6).
Figure 6●Characteristics of quantum hydrogen energy
(Source: Clean Planet)
[Click image to enlarge]
In the future, as it becomes more widespread, it has great potential as a distributed energy source, such as by combining it with solar power generation, which has already become low-cost and self-sustaining.
Recently, venture companies have been emerging in the field of thermonuclear fusion, but in the field of condensed matter nuclear reactions, venture companies aimed at energy utilization have been springing up one after another in countries such as the United States, Italy, and Israel. ing. In the United States, major IT companies are also entering the market, and a national project involving Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Stanford University, and others has started this year. Clean Planet is leading the way. The company has applied for 183 patents in 21 countries, and 69 have been granted, which is by far the highest number in the world in the field of condensed-system nuclear reactions.
Focusing on these research results, Mitsubishi Estate invested in Clean Planet in January 2019, Miura Industries in May of the same year, and Mitsubishi Corporation in July 2022. In April 2023, former president of the University of Tokyo.
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